Month: July 2026

What Happens to Your H-1B Status While Your Green Card Application Is Pending

What Happens to Your H-1B Status While Your Green Card Application Is Pending?

For thousands of highly skilled foreign professionals working in the United States, navigating the transition from a temporary nonimmigrant visa to permanent residency is a defining professional and personal milestone. The H-1B specialty occupation visa is the most popular vehicle for employment-based immigration, providing individuals with a reliable pathway to build careers in the American market. However, because of annual statutory caps, country-specific per-preference limits, and administrative processing times, the journey to a Green Card often takes years—and for some nationalities, more than a decade, making it essential to understand the complete H1B to Green Card process and plan accordingly.

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The critical phase of this transition begins when an applicant officially files their Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status. This marks the moment your Green Card application becomes actively “pending” with United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). During this period, an applicant’s legal standing undergoes a structural shift. It enters a unique dual-state where temporary nonimmigrant rules intersect with permanent residency procedures. To manage this phase without jeopardizing employment or travel rights, applicants must understand the baseline legal frameworks provided on the USCIS Adjustment of Status portal before making major career or international travel decisions.

A common point of anxiety for nonimmigrant workers is whether filing for a Green Card invalidates their underlying H-1B visa or leaves them exposed to deportation if an employer downsizes. Navigating this intersection requires understanding the concept of dual intent, the operational differences between maintaining H-1B status versus relying on interim green card benefits, and the strategic guardrails necessary to protect your career.

1. The Power of “Dual Intent”

To understand why your H-1B status remains secure while a Green Card is pending, you must understand the legal doctrine of Dual Intent.

Under standard U.S. immigration law, most nonimmigrant visas (such as B-1/B-2 tourist visas or F-1 student visas) are strictly “single intent.” This means applicants must prove they intend to return to their home country after their temporary stay and have no desire to permanently settle in the United States. If an F-1 student files a Green Card application, they violate their single-intent terms, making it virtually impossible to extend their student status or re-enter the U.S. on that visa.

The H-1B visa (along with the L-1 intracompany transfer visa) is a statutory exception to this rule. U.S. law explicitly permits H-1B holders to maintain “dual intent.”

What This Means for You:

  • You can simultaneously hold a temporary H-1B nonimmigrant status and actively pursue lawful permanent residency.
  • Filing an immigrant petition (Form I-140) or an adjustment of status application (Form I-485) does not invalidate your current H-1B status.
  • USCIS cannot deny an H-1B extension or an H-1B employer transfer simply because you have a green card application pending in the system.

2. Pending I-485 vs. Maintained H-1B: The Legal Distinction

When your Form I-485 is received by USCIS, you are granted a legal status known as a “Period of Authorized Stay.” This means that even if your underlying H-1B visa were to expire the very next day, you are legally permitted to remain physically present in the United States while USCIS adjudicates your Green Card.

However, being in a “Period of Authorized Stay” is not an active nonimmigrant status; it is merely a protection against unlawful presence. This creates a critical choice for applicants: should you actively maintain your H-1B status, or should you let it lapse and rely solely on your pending Green Card benefits?

Immigration attorneys almost universally recommend actively maintaining your H-1B status throughout the entire pending period. To understand why, it helps to examine the structural differences between these two states:

Scenario Maintaining H-1B Status Relying Solely on Pending I-485
Legal Safety Net If your I-485 is denied for any technical, medical, or administrative reason, you immediately fall back onto your valid H-1B status and can remain in the U.S. If your I-485 is denied, your period of authorized stay ends instantly. You fall out of status immediately and must depart the country or face removal proceedings.
Work Authorization Tied strictly to your sponsoring H-1B employer (or an approved H-1B transfer employer) via your Form I-129. Tied to an unrestricted Employment Authorization Document (EAD), allowing you to work for any employer or launch a business.
International Travel Allowed to travel freely and re-enter the U.S. using a valid H-1B visa stamp and I-797 approval notice. Requires an approved Advance Parole (AP) travel document before leaving the U.S., or the I-485 is considered abandoned.

3. The Role of Interim Benefits: EAD and Advance Parole

When you file Form I-485, you are eligible to concurrently apply for two interim benefits: the Employment Authorization Document (Form I-765) and Advance Parole travel authorization (Form I-131). Often issued together as a “Combo Card,” these documents provide a bridge while you wait for your Green Card. However, using them can change your H-1B standing.

Using the Adjustment EAD:

An adjustment-based EAD gives you immense career flexibility. It allows you to moonlight, take on freelance consulting gigs, or work for an employer that does not sponsor visas.

The Structural Catch: The moment you use your green card-based EAD to take a second job or present it to your primary employer to update your Form I-9, you drop out of active H-1B status. You are no longer nonimmigrant “H-1B”; your status changes to an “Adjustment Applicant.” While you are still legally present and working, you have surrendered your H-1B safety net.

Traveling on Advance Parole:

If you do not have a valid H-1B visa stamp in your passport, or if your H-1B has expired, you must present an Advance Parole document to board a flight back to the United States. Re-entering the U.S. using Advance Parole changes your entry categorization at the border to a “Parolee.” While this allows you to continue working for your H-1B employer, your underlying nonimmigrant H-1B status is technically set aside.

4. Extending H-1B Status Beyond the 6-Year Limit

By default, an H-1B visa has a strict statutory lifetime maximum of six years. However, the American Competitiveness in the Twenty-first Century Act (AC21) provides relief for workers caught in extensive Green Card backlogs. If your Green Card application is pending, your employer can extend your H-1B status beyond the six-year ceiling under two distinct provisions:

The 1-Year Extension (Section 106(a) of AC21)

If your employer filed a PERM Labor Certification or a Form I-140 on your behalf at least 365 days before your six-year H-1B limit was reached, you are eligible to extend your H-1B status in one-year increments indefinitely, provided the application remains pending.

The 3-Year Extension (Section 104(c) of AC21)

If your Form I-140 immigrant petition has been fully approved, but you cannot file or finalize your I-485 because your priority date is not yet current under the Department of State Visa Bulletin, you are eligible to secure H-1B extensions in three-year increments. This protection keeps your nonimmigrant status intact throughout long wait times.

5. Career Mobility and Green Card Portability

A major concern during a multi-year pending green card phase is professional stagnation. Historically, changing jobs meant restarting the entire Green Card process from scratch. Thanks to the AC21 Green Card Portability rules, workers have substantial career mobility while their applications are pending.

The 180-Day Portability Rule:

Under AC21 regulations, your pending Form I-485 can “port” to a completely new employer without restarting the PERM or I-140 process if two conditions are met:

  1. Your Form I-485 has been actively pending with USCIS for 180 days or more.
  2. The new position is in a “same or similar” occupational classification as the original job offer detailed in your I-140 petition.

How to Port Safely While Protecting H-1B:

When moving to a new company under the 180-day portability rule, you have two procedural pathways:

  • The H-1B Transfer Route (Highly Recommended): Your new employer files a standard H-1B change-of-employer petition (Form I-129) alongside your I-485 supplementary porting documents (Form I-485 Supplement J). This preserves your underlying nonimmigrant safety net with the new company.
  • The EAD Route: You bypass the H-1B system entirely and simply present your pending green card EAD to the new employer. While cheaper and faster for the company, remember that this terminates your H-1B status, leaving you entirely dependent on the final approval of the pending I-485.

6. What Happens in the Event of a Layoff?

In a volatile corporate environment, layoffs are a real threat to employment-based immigrants. If you are laid off while your Green Card application is pending, your legal options depend heavily on how long your application has been in the system.

If the I-485 has been pending for LESS than 180 days:

This is a high-risk zone. If your employer terminates your employment, they will likely withdraw the underlying Form I-140. If the I-140 is withdrawn before the 180-day mark, the pending I-485 is automatically invalidated.

  • Your H-1B Grace Period: You immediately enter a mandatory 60-day H-1B grace period. You must find a new employer willing to file an H-1B transfer petition before those 60 days end to maintain your nonimmigrant status.

If the I-485 has been pending for MORE than 180 days:

Your green card application has achieved portability. Even if your original employer withdraws their support or goes out of business, your I-485 remains valid. You have the flexibility to seek a new job in a “same or similar” field, use your EAD to work, and submit Form I-485 Supplement J to link your new job to your pending permanent residency application.

Summary of Best Practices for H-1B Applicants

To protect your legal standing and your career during the Green Card waiting period, prioritize these practical guardrails:

  • Keep Your H-1B Active: Continue to file H-1B extensions and amendments as required by your corporate role, even if you hold an approved combo card in your desk drawer.
  • Travel on H-1B When Possible: If you possess a valid, unexpired H-1B visa stamp in your passport, use it for international travel rather than your Advance Parole. This avoids changing your domestic status to a “Parolee” at the port of entry.
  • Monitor the Visa Bulletin: Ensure your priority date remains tracked against monthly changes in the Visa Bulletin to anticipate when final administrative action or interviews will occur.
  • Verify “Same or Similar” Job Descriptions: Before accepting a promotion or an external job offer under AC21 portability, cross-reference the new job duties with a forensic immigration specialist to guarantee they align with your original labor certification.

Conclusion

The transition from an H-1B visa to a Green Card is an administrative marathon, but the framework of dual intent ensures that you do not have to abandon your nonimmigrant protections along the way. By treating your pending I-485 as your path to permanent status and your H-1B visa as an active insurance policy, you can navigate extended wait times, seize new professional opportunities, and secure your long-term future in the United States with confidence.

Gathering Evidence for Your Car Accident Case in Texas

Gathering Evidence for Your Car Accident Case in Texas

Carabin Shaw is one of the leading personal injury law firms in Texas. They have extensive experience in accident cases, focusing on securing compensation for clients’ medical bills, property damage, and pain and suffering.

Why Evidence Matters After a Collision

Our car accident lawyer in Texas will tell you that strong evidence collection determines whether you receive fair compensation or face reduced settlement offers. The moments immediately following a crash are critical—accident scenes change rapidly as vehicles get towed and emergency responders clear the area. Witnesses leave, memories fade, and valuable details disappear. Systematic documentation of the accident scene, injuries, and contributing factors creates a solid foundation for your claim and protects your right to full recovery.

When you work with our car accident attorney Texas, they understand that evidence gathering extends far beyond taking a few photos. Professional documentation establishes who caused the accident, proves the extent of your damages, and gives you leverage during insurance negotiations. The difference between a well-documented case and a poorly documented one often means thousands of dollars in recovered compensation. Time matters enormously—every hour that passes after an accident makes evidence collection harder and less reliable.

Our car accident lawyer in Texas knows that Texas courts favor cases with thorough, systematic evidence collection. Building a strong case immediately after your collision protects your interests and positions you for success whether you settle with the insurance company or proceed to trial. Understanding what evidence to collect and how to preserve it gives you control over your case outcome.

Video Transcript

I’m Jamie Shaw with Carabin Shaw. The other driver’s insurance adjuster calls, sounds friendly, just wants your side of the story. Should you talk to them? Be very careful. That adjuster works for the insurance company, not for you. The call is often recorded and a simple “I’m doing okay” can be used to slash your claim later. You are not required to give a recorded statement to the other side’s insurer. The safest move — politely decline, and let your attorney handle it. If an adjuster is pressuring you after a San Antonio accident, call Carabin Shaw first. 210-222-2288.

Documenting the Accident Scene

Photograph the accident scene from multiple angles before anything gets moved, if it’s safe to do so. Start with wide shots showing vehicle positions, then capture close-ups of damage to each vehicle. Document skid marks, debris patterns, road conditions, traffic signals, and weather conditions. These images create an objective record of how the accident occurred and what factors contributed to the collision.

Vehicle damage tells a story about impact force and collision sequence. Take photos from different distances and angles to show the overall damage pattern and specific impact points. Close-up images of dents, broken glass, and crushed metal help experts reconstruct the accident later. Wide shots establish where vehicles ended up relative to lane markings, curbs, and other reference points.

Environmental factors often play a role in accidents. Document potholes, debris in the roadway, broken traffic lights, or construction zones. Photograph weather conditions—rain, fog, or glare—that may have affected visibility. These details help establish whether road conditions or poor maintenance contributed to the accident.

Capture the debris field systematically. Vehicle parts, cargo, and other materials scattered across the roadway provide clues about collision dynamics. These photographs help accident reconstruction experts determine vehicle speeds and impact angles. Even small details like tire marks or fluid spills matter for technical analysis.

Property damage beyond vehicles also counts as evidence. Photograph damaged guardrails, signs, buildings, or landscaping that the vehicles struck. This additional damage supports calculations about impact force and vehicle speed at the moment of collision.

Gathering Witness Information

Eyewitness accounts provide independent verification of how the accident happened, making witness identification and statement collection absolutely critical. Get names, phone numbers, and addresses from anyone who saw the accident. Ask passengers in your vehicle and other vehicles involved to provide their contact information and their version of events.

Write down what witnesses tell you while their memories are fresh. Better yet, record their statements if they consent. Ask specific questions about what they saw immediately before impact, the vehicles’ speeds, traffic signals, and driver behavior. Recorded interviews often capture details and emotion that written statements miss.

Passengers in involved vehicles often notice things external witnesses cannot observe. They may have heard conversations about distracted driving, seen the other driver texting, or noticed sudden acceleration or braking. These insider perspectives strengthen your case considerably.

Employees at nearby businesses may have witnessed the accident from inside their establishments or from elevated positions. These witnesses often stay in one location longer than passing motorists, making them easier to track down later. Security cameras at nearby businesses might have captured the accident on video.

Off-duty police officers, medical professionals, or mechanics who witnessed the accident can provide expert observations about causation and vehicle condition. Their professional credentials add credibility to accident reconstruction efforts.

Medical Records and Injury Documentation

Seek medical attention immediately after the accident, even if you feel okay. Some injuries appear hours or days later. Medical records from emergency rooms, urgent care clinics, and hospitals create official documentation linking your injuries directly to the accident. These records establish treatment timelines that support your damage claims.

Diagnostic imaging like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans provides objective evidence of fractures, internal injuries, and soft tissue damage. Insurance companies cannot easily dispute medical imaging results. Keep all imaging records and copies of the actual images.

Document your treatment progression through medical appointments, physical therapy sessions, and follow-up visits. Consistent medical care demonstrates that your injuries are real and serious. Gaps in treatment can hurt your credibility, so stay current with all recommended medical care.

Your treating physician’s opinions about injury causation, treatment outlook, and long-term effects carry significant weight. Ask your doctor to document how the accident caused your specific injuries and what recovery timeline they expect. These medical opinions often determine settlement values.

Prescription medication records show the extent of your pain and the complexity of your treatment. Detailed medication histories demonstrate injury severity and ongoing medical needs effectively during settlement negotiations.

Official Reports and Records

Police accident reports document official findings about how the accident occurred and often assign fault through citations or traffic violations. Request a copy of the police report and review it carefully for accuracy. Report any errors to the police department. Insurance companies rely heavily on police reports when making claim decisions.

Traffic citations issued at the accident scene create strong evidence of negligence. If the other driver received a citation for running a red light, speeding, or reckless driving, that citation significantly strengthens your case. Request certified copies of all citations.

Emergency medical service reports document your condition immediately after the accident and what treatment responders provided. EMS records often contain important observations about your injuries and pain level that support serious injury claims.

Fire department reports may document vehicle fires, hazardous material spills, or rescue operations. These reports provide additional evidence about accident severity and impact forces.

Digital and Technology Evidence

Construction Site Burns and Explosions in Texas:

Construction Site Burns and Explosions in Texas: Chemical Hazards and Employer Negligence

Carabin Shaw is one of the leading personal injury law firms in Texas. With more than 34 years of experience representing injured workers and accident victims, the firm has secured hundreds of millions of dollars in compensation for clients across San Antonio, Houston, Austin, and beyond. When a construction site accident changes your life, Carabin Shaw fights to make sure you are not left to carry that burden alone.

When a Job Site Becomes a Blast Zone

Burns and explosions on construction sites cause some of the most devastating injuries a worker can survive. Thermal burns, chemical burns, blast injuries, and smoke inhalation can permanently disfigure a worker, destroy lung tissue, and require years of surgeries and rehabilitation. The San Antonio construction accident attorney at Carabin Shaw represent workers who have suffered these injuries and the families of those who did not survive them.

Texas construction sites handle flammable fuels, pressurized gas lines, industrial chemicals, and electrical systems every day. When any of these hazards is mismanaged — stored improperly, handled without training, or left near an ignition source — the result can be a fire or explosion that injures everyone in the vicinity.

Video Transcript

I’m Jamie Shaw with Carabin Shaw. Hurt at work in Texas? Your path depends on one thing — does your employer carry workers’ comp? Texas is unusual. Employers aren’t required to. If they have it, you file a comp claim. If they don’t — what’s called a non-subscriber — you may be able to sue them directly, sometimes for more. And if someone other than your employer caused your injury, a defective machine or a contractor, you may have a separate third-party claim. Most injured workers never learn they had options. Find out yours. Call Carabin Shaw in San Antonio. 210-222-2288.

Common Sources of Burns and Explosions on Texas Job Sites

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Gasoline, diesel, paints, thinners, and lubricants are present on virtually every construction site. Improper storage near ignition sources, inadequate ventilation, or spills that are not immediately cleaned up can ignite rapidly. Workers who are near the ignition point can suffer severe thermal burns from direct contact with flames or superheated air.

Natural Gas Line Strikes

Excavation work that strikes an unmarked or improperly marked natural gas line can cause an explosion that kills workers instantly and injures everyone in the surrounding area. Texas law requires that underground utilities be located before digging begins. When contractors skip this step, they create a risk that is entirely foreseeable and entirely preventable.

Welding and Cutting Operations

Hot work — welding, cutting, and grinding — generates sparks and heat that can ignite flammable materials in the surrounding area. OSHA requires hot work permits, fire watches, and the removal of flammable materials from the work area before hot work begins. These requirements are frequently ignored on job sites where workers are told to get the job done without the time to follow proper procedures.

Chemical Exposure

Industrial cleaners, solvents, and adhesives used on construction sites can cause severe chemical burns on contact with skin or eyes. Workers who are not provided with proper personal protective equipment — gloves, eye protection, chemical-resistant clothing — and who are not trained on the hazards of the chemicals they handle are at serious risk.

Liability for Construction Site Burns and Explosions

When a fire or explosion injures a worker on a Texas construction site, multiple parties may be responsible. The general contractor is responsible for overall site safety, including the management of fire and explosion hazards. Subcontractors who perform the work that caused the ignition have independent liability. Chemical manufacturers whose products lacked adequate warnings or whose containers were defective can be held liable under product liability law. Utility companies that failed to properly mark underground lines may also bear responsibility.

A personal injury claim in a burn or explosion case can recover compensation for medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, disfigurement, and the cost of future surgeries and rehabilitation. Workers’ compensation does not cover pain and suffering or disfigurement — two of the most significant components of damages in a serious burn case.

The Long Road After a Serious Burn Injury

Burn injuries require extensive, long-term medical care. Skin grafts, reconstructive surgeries, physical therapy, and psychological treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder are all common components of recovery from a serious burn. The cost of this care over a lifetime can be enormous, and a personal injury claim must account for all of it — not just the initial hospitalization.

Carabin Shaw works with burn specialists, reconstructive surgeons, and economic experts to project the full lifetime cost of a burn injury and ensure that the compensation sought reflects the true scope of the harm. The firm does not settle cases for less than their full value.

Call Carabin Shaw After a Construction Burn or Explosion

If you were burned or injured in an explosion on a Texas construction site, Carabin Shaw is ready to fight for the compensation you deserve. Call (800) 862-1260 for a free consultation, available 24 hours a day. No fees unless we recover for you.

Austin Truck Accident Lawyers | Who Can Be Held Liable for Your Injuries?

If you’ve been injured in an 18-wheeler accident in Austin, Carabin Shaw‘s local attorneys are ready to offer personalized legal advice and fight for the compensation you deserve.

Who Can Be Held Liable in a Truck Accident Case? Austin Truck Accident Lawyers Explain

One of the most consequential questions in any trucking accident case is identifying who is legally responsible for what happened. Austin truck accident lawyers who specialize in commercial vehicle litigation know that the answer is rarely limited to the driver alone. Getting a commercial truck onto the road and keeping it there involves a network of companies and individuals — any one of whom can commit an error that contributes to a catastrophic accident. Identifying every responsible party, and pursuing each of them, is essential to recovering the full compensation your injuries demand. More about our Truck Accident Attorneys Austin here.

Texas law allows injured victims to pursue all parties whose negligence contributed to an accident, and in truck accident litigation, that can mean filing claims against multiple defendants simultaneously. Truck accident attorneys in Austin who investigate these cases thoroughly know how to trace the chain of responsibility — from the driver behind the wheel to the company that planned the route, loaded the cargo, or manufactured a defective component. Each additional defendant represents both an additional avenue of accountability and an additional source of compensation. More Information about our Truck Accident Lawyers in Austin here.

The following parties are among those most commonly found to bear liability in Austin 18-wheeler accident cases. Understanding each one helps explain why a thorough investigation is so critical — and why accepting a settlement offer from the driver’s insurer before that investigation is complete is almost never in your interest.

Potentially Liable Parties in a Texas Truck Accident Case

The Company That Planned the Truck’s Route

Commercial trucks are subject to height, weight, and cargo restrictions on roads, tunnels, and bridges that do not apply to ordinary vehicles. Because route planning for large commercial vehicles is genuinely complex, many carriers outsource it to specialized logistics firms. When one of those firms makes an error — routing a truck over a bridge that cannot support its load, or directing it through a restricted corridor — and that error contributes to a crash, the route-planning company can be held liable for the consequences. This is a less obvious defendant, but one that our attorneys routinely investigate in serious 18-wheeler cases.

The Company That Loaded the Truck

Federal law limits the maximum gross weight of a loaded commercial truck to 80,000 pounds, and cargo must be properly secured according to federal standards. Violations of both requirements are disturbingly common. Overloaded trailers are more prone to rollovers on curves and difficult to stop in emergency braking situations. Improperly secured cargo on flatbed trailers can shift or fall free on the highway, creating hazards for every vehicle in the vicinity. When the company responsible for loading a truck causes an accident through overloading or inadequate securement, that company is a proper defendant in your lawsuit.

The Truck or Parts Manufacturer

A truck accident is sometimes traceable not to driver error or cargo mismanagement but to a component that failed because of a manufacturing defect or flawed design. Tires with inadequate bonding material can experience tread separation at speed. Cargo restraint straps produced with substandard materials can fail under load. Brake system components manufactured out of spec can cause the vehicle to fail to stop when needed. When a part failure caused or contributed to your accident, the manufacturer of that component — and potentially others in the supply chain — can be named as defendants in a products liability claim.

The Trucking Company

The company that owns the truck and employs the driver is almost always a primary defendant in truck accident litigation, under one or both of two distinct legal theories. Direct liability holds the company accountable for its own negligent acts — failing to properly maintain the vehicle, ignoring known safety violations, or hiring a driver with a disqualifying record despite that knowledge. Any of these independent failures can make the company directly responsible for the accident that resulted.

Even when the trucking company itself did nothing obviously wrong, the doctrine of respondeat superior — vicarious liability — means the company is still responsible for the negligent acts of its employees committed in the course of their employment. If the driver caused your accident while operating the truck on a company assignment, the trucking company can be sued alongside the driver regardless of whether the company had any direct involvement in the specific act that caused the crash.

The Truck Driver

The driver is typically the most directly responsible party in a truck accident, and the range of negligent conduct that leads to serious crashes is wide. Reckless driving, running red lights or stop signs, unsafe lane changes, and speeding are obvious examples. But some of the most dangerous errors truckers make have nothing to do with their immediate driving conduct. Skipping mandatory rest periods to meet delivery deadlines dramatically increases the likelihood of falling asleep at the wheel. Using illegal stimulants to stay alert creates a different but equally serious danger. Driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs is a reality our attorneys have encountered in too many cases to count. Whatever the cause, a driver who prioritized their schedule over the safety of other motorists on Austin roads is a proper defendant — and one our attorneys will pursue aggressively.

Why Identifying Every Defendant Matters

The more parties that bear responsibility for your accident, the more sources of compensation are available and the more difficult it becomes for any single defendant to shift blame entirely onto someone else. A thorough investigation that identifies all responsible entities strengthens every aspect of your claim — the liability argument, the damages calculation, and the settlement leverage. Accepting any offer before that investigation is complete means accepting the risk that responsible parties were never identified and held accountable.

Our attorneys have spent decades pursuing truck accident claims against carriers, cargo companies, route planners, manufacturers, and drivers throughout Central Texas. If you were injured in an 18-wheeler or commercial truck accident in Austin or the surrounding area, contact us today for a free consultation.